Economic Evaluation of Power System Flexibility by Commercial Air Conditioner Control with Large Penetration of Photovoltaic Generation

High penetration of intermittent renewable energy such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind power could cause shortage of power system flexibility. Demand response is expected to help supply ancillary service instead of the conventional power plant. Commercial air conditioners are a promising responsive load for demand response because they account for a large proportion of power consumption in the power system. We calculate a system operation cost and hourly operation pattern of each power plant by using the optimal power generation model considering flexibility supply from controlling commercial air conditioner. We obtained the following results as an effect of commercial air conditioner control. (1) The power generation of oil fired power plants decreases at peak time and annual fuel cost of oil fired plant is reduced by approximately 30% at most in Kanto area. (2) The percentage of rated operation mode of LNG combined cycle plants increases. (3) Curtailed energy rate of PV decreases because a power storage amount by pumped hydropower generation increases. (4) Required battery capacity to reduce PV curtailed amount decreased by combining battery energy storage system in case of high penetration of PV.     

A Stochastic Petri Net-Based Model of the Involvement of Interleukin 18 in Atherosclerosis

Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is a proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokine with pleiotropic properties, which is involved in T and NK cell maturation and the synthesis of other inflammatory cytokines and cell adhesion molecules. It plays a significant role in orchestrating the cytokine cascade, accelerates atherosclerosis and influences plaque vulnerability. To investigate the influence of IL-18 cytokine on atherosclerosis development, a stochastic Petri net model was built and then analyzed. First, MCT-sets and t-clusters were generated, then knockout and simulation-based analysis was conducted. The application of systems approach that was used in this research enabled an in-depth analysis of the studied phenomenon. Our results gave us better insight into the studied phenomenon and allow revealing that activation of macrophages by the classical pathway and IL-18-MyD88 signaling axis is crucial for the modeled process.     

链条套筒与销轴铰链副冲击载荷-往复运动的弹流润滑数值模拟

数值模拟链传动中销轴与套筒之间的定载荷和变载荷弹流润滑接触问题,套筒相对于销轴做纯滑动往复运动。定载荷是假定往复运动过程中载荷恒定不变;变载荷是假定链节在啮入和啮出链轮过程中存在的冲击载荷按正弦函数规律变化。比较在定载荷和变载荷加载条件下线接触往复运动工况的弹性润滑油膜变化情况,分析在动载荷加载条件下不同行程长度对弹性流体动力润滑特性的影响。研究发现,动载荷对油膜的压力、膜厚影响较大:随着动载荷的增加,油膜中压力急剧增大,膜厚减小;但加载方式对摩擦因数的影响不大;在相同的加载方式下,随着行程长度的增加,油膜压力减小,中心膜厚和最小膜厚显著增加。     

基于深度脊波神经网络的电力系统短期负荷预测模型

针对电力系统负荷的非线性预测问题,本文构造了一种基于深度脊波神经网络的电力系统短期负荷预测模型。该模型的隐含层采用脊波神经元,神经元的激励函数采用脊波变换函数。对该预测模型采用受限的玻尔兹曼机学习原理进行预训练,最后利用粒子群优化算法对其进行深度优化精调。通过对某地区实际电网负荷系统进行仿真预测,结果表明,与传统的BP神经网络、脊波神经网络和常规深度神经网络模型相对比,深度脊波神经网络预测模型的日平均绝对误差百分比分别降低了1.96%、1.12%和0.3%,日最大绝对误差分别降低了3.91%、2.19%和1.78%,验证了深度脊波神经网络预测模型具有较好的预测准确度和稳定性。     

环己烯水合生产精己二酸提质提量的研究

为提高己二酸生产负荷和产品质量,在对环己醇与硝酸反应机理进行研究的基础上,发现环己烯水合生成环己醇、环己醇与硝酸反应生成己二酸的氧化反应产生的热量及NOx气量较大,制约了氧化反应负荷的提升。通过调整NOx总管压力以及吸收塔吸收液输送阀自控条件,提高氧化反应的空气补入量,同时稳定输送吸收塔吸收液,实现了己二酸装置高负荷连续运行。另外,通过增加原料过滤设施,控制己二酸中丁二酸、戊二酸含量等措施,提高了己二酸产品质量。     

通用型液压马达实验台的分析与设计

通用型液压马达实验台的检测实验装置能够模拟实际工况对不同类型、多种规格的液压马达进行性能测试。设计一种通用型液压马达,包括实验台的连接支架设计、转速扭矩仪选型、负载系统设计、油箱设计及油路优化,并对设计参数进行了计算与有限元验证。该实验台可按照国家标准和检测方法,对多种类型不同型号液压马达做性能测试。     

Optimizing 100%‐renewable grids through shifting residential water‐heater load

A low‐carbon electricity supply for Australia was simulated, and the installed capacity of the electrical grid was optimized by shifting the electricity demand of residential electric water heaters (EWHs). The load‐shifting potential of Australia was estimated for each hour of the simulation period using a nationwide aggregate EWH load model on a 90 × 110 raster grid. The electricity demand of water heaters was shifted from periods of low renewable resource and high demand to periods of high renewable resource and low demand, enabling us to effectively reduce the installed capacity requirements of a 100%‐renewable electricity grid. It was found that by shifting the EWH load by just 1 hour, the electricity demand of Australia could be met using purely renewable electricity at an installed capacity of 145 GW with a capacity factor of 30%, an electricity spillage of 20%, and a generation cost of 15.2 ¢/kWh. A breakdown of the primary energy sources used in our scenario is as follows: 43% wind, 29% concentrated solar thermal power, and 20% utility photovoltaic. Sensitivity analysis suggested that further reduction in installed capacity is possible by increasing the load‐shifting duration as well as the volume and insulation level of the EWH tank.     

Dynamic load-altering attack detection based on adaptive fading Kalman filter in power systems

This paper presents an effective and feasible method for detecting dynamic load-altering attacks (D-LAAs) in a smart grid. First, a smart grid discrete system model is established in view of D-LAAs. Second, an adaptive fading Kalman filter (AFKF) is designed for estimating the state of the smart grid. The AFKF can completely filter out the Gaussian noise of the power system, and obtain a more accurate state change curve (including consideration of the attack). A Euclidean distance ratio detection algorithm based on the AFKF is proposed for detecting D-LAAs. Amplifying imperceptible D-LAAs through the new Euclidean distance ratio improves the D-LAA detection sensitivity, especially for very weak D-LAA attacks. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the Euclidean distance ratio detection algorithm are verified based on simulations.     

Combined effect of antimicrobial edible coatings with reduction of initial microbial load on the shelf-life of fresh hake (Merluccius merluccius) medallions

Two distinct strategies were combined to preserve fresh fish (Merluccius merluccius) under refrigeration at 4 °C for 12 days: (i) the application of an antimicrobial edible coating enriched with oregano essential oil (OEO) or carvacrol (CV) and (ii) the reduction of initial microbial load by good handling practise and the use of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl). The action of antimicrobial coatings alone retarded the growth of Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and H₂S producing bacteria on fish samples. The reduction of initial microbial load by itself only affected the evolution of LAB, but not the rest of the bacterial groups. When using both techniques combined, edible antimicrobial coatings were significantly more effective with additional and significant delays in the growth of mesophilic, psychrotrophic and Pseudomonas bacteria. Thus, the use of both strategies combined resulted in a reduction of the counts of all bacterial groups after 12 days of storage which ranged from 1.5 log and 8 log, in Pseudomonas and H₂S producing bacteria, respectively. Moreover, no significant differences were observed when comparing the microbiological evolution of samples treated with OEO compared to those only treated with CV.